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por Elena F Pérez Carrillo

Sistema Internacional de Registro de Marcas. Madrid Monitor

el 3 octubre, 2016 en Derecho de los Negocios Internacionales International Business Law. Grado Comercio Internacional, DM2- Derecho de la Competencia, propiedad industrial e intelectual. Grado en Derecho, Otros

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El Sistema de Madrid es un mecanismo centralizado para el registro y la gestión de las marcas en todo el mundo. Con una única solicitud, un idioma y una tasa se puede proteger la marca en hasta 97 miembros, de la OMPI. Se rige por el Arreglo de Madrid, adoptado en 1891, y el Protocolo concerniente a ese Arreglo, adoptado en 1989.

  • Madrid Monitor es la nueva herramienta (accesible en versión beta desde julio 2016) para los usuarios del Sistema de Madrid, que unifica en una sola aplicación las funciones y la información antes accesibles. Permite la consulta en tiempo real del estado de la tramitación (Real Time Status) del Sistema de Madrid.
  • Web OMPI del sistema de Madrid aquí
  • Guía de Uso del Sistema de Madrid
  • Entrada DerMErUle del localizador internacional de varias Oficinas nacionales

Etiquetas: Comercio y Der Merc Internacionales, marcas, Propiedad Intelectual Sin Comentarios »

por Elena F Pérez Carrillo

Marcas. Apunte

el 15 agosto, 2015 en Derecho de los Negocios Internacionales International Business Law. Grado Comercio Internacional, DM2- Derecho de la Competencia, propiedad industrial e intelectual. Grado en Derecho, DM_Publicidad

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Aspectos generales del derecho de marcas y marca española

Puede solicitar una marca española todo español –bien sea persona natural o jurídica- y todo extranjero que resida habitualmente o tenga un establecimiento, industrial o comercial, serio y efectivo en España o que, no teniéndolo, se beneficie de lo dispuesto en el Convenio de la Unión de Paris, o sea nacional de Estado miembro de la Organización Mundial del Comercio o bien sea nacional de un Estado que permita a los españoles el registro de marcas en su territorio.

Viva Bilbo

Se reconocen marcas: 
  • • De productos y servicios: Individualizan productos y servicios respectivamente (marcas individuales).
  • • Colectivas: Individualizan productos o servicios de una asociación de productores, fabricantes, comerciantes, etc. 
  • • De Garantía: Certifica las características comunes de los productos y servicios elaborados o distribuidos por personas   debidamente autorizadas y controladas por el titular de la marca
  • Situaciones excepcionales por su uso y reconocimiento: 
    • artículo 8.2 Ley de Marcas. :”se entenderá por marcas o nombres comerciales notorios los que, por su volumen de ventas, duración, intensidad o alcance geográfico de su uso, valoración  o prestigio alcanzado en el mercado o por cualquier otra causa, sean generalmente conocidos por el sector pertinente del público al que se destinan los productos, servicios o actividades que distinguen dicha marca o nombre comercial” Habrá de valorarse el volumen de ventas,  la valoración alcanzada en el mercado, la intensidad y duración del uso,  o el prestigio alcanzado para determinar la notoriedad.  Cuanto mayor es el grado de notoriedad mayor campo de protección se le otorgará al signo distintivo.
    • artículo 8.3 de la Ley de Marcas: “Cuando la marca o nombre comercial sean conocidos por el público en general, se considerará que la misma sea renombrada”. Deberá ser conocido por la generalidad de los consumidores y gozará de una protección absoluta que impedirá el registro de signos similares con independencia de cual sea el producto o servicio que pretende distinguir. Como ejemplo de marcas renombradas en España podríamos citar entre otras: Real Madrid, Barcelona, El Corte Inglés, Iberia, Cola-Cao o Zara.
Derechos del titular de una marca:
  • • Derecho a utilizar la marca en exclusiva en el tráfico económico.
  • • Ceder o licenciar la marca
    • Impedir que terceros no autorizados utilicen una marca o signo idéntico o similar para productos o servicios similares
  • • Oponerse a que se inscriban en la OEPM signos confundibles con el suyo.
  • • Solicitar ante los Tribunales la nulidad de otras marcas posteriores confundibles con la suya

La marca registrada tiene una vida legal de 10 años, contados desde su solicitud. Puede ser renovada por periodos sucesivos de 10 años.

Tipos de signos que pueden constituir marcas (LM)

Estos signos deben servir para distinguir los productos o servicios de otros idénticos o similares.

• Denominativo: un vocablo
• Gráfico: un dibujo
• Mixto: combinación de los dos anteriores
• Formas tridimensionales: como los envases
• Sonidos: siempre que sean susceptibles de representación gráfica

Tipos de signos que no pueden constituir marcas (prohibiciones absolutas, LM)

• Nombres genéricos
• Signos que describan los productos o servicios
• Indicadores de procedencia geográfica
• Signos contrarios al orden público
• Signos engañosos

Tipos de marcas que excepcionalmente pueden constituir marcas (prohibiciones relativas, LM) 

• Los signos idénticos o semejantes a los ya registrados para productos o servicios idénticos o similares
• Los signos idénticos o semejantes a una marca -o nombre comercial- notoria o renombrada anteriormente registrada.
Su acceso al registro está prohibido además para productos, servicios o actividades distintos de los protegidos por
dicha marca notoria o renombrada, si ello puede implicar un aprovechamiento indebido de la misma o un menoscabo en
su carácter distintivo, notoriedad o renombre
• Las imágenes o nombres de tercero sin autorización

Registro de marca en el extranjero

La solicitud de reconocimiento en el extranjero, como marca de un signo distintivo que ya está protegido como marca en España (o respecto del que se ha cursado una solicitud) puede efectuarse de modos diversos.

  • PAIS POR PAIS depositando las correspondientes solicitudes en cada uno de los países en los que se quiere registrar la marca, o
  • A través de la solicitud INTERNACIONAL. Por este procedimiento, regulado por el Arreglo de Madrid y en su Protocolo se puede obtener protección en hasta 85 países depositando una única solicitud. En España se efectuaría en la OEPM para su traslado a la Oficina Internacional de WIPO/OMPI (Ginebra), teniendo el registro los mismos efectos que si la solicitud hubiese sido presentada en cada uno de los países designados. La decisión de conceder o denegar la protección corresponde a cada país. A este respecto, comentábamos el instrumento denominado Madrid Monitor, destinado a facilitar el registro internacional
  • Mediante la solicitud de una MARCA COMUNITARIA. Este procedimiento está regulado por el Reglamento de la Marca Comunitaria que establece la posibilidad de obtener mediante una única solicitud, que podrá presentarse a elección del solicitante ante la OEPM o la OAMI de Alicante, protección en la totalidad de los países comunitarios. La Marca Comunitaria tiene un carácter unitario y produce el mismo efecto en todo el territorio de la Comunidad. La duración de este registro es de 10 años renovables indefinidamente

Más aquí

Etiquetas: marcas, Propiedad Intelectual Sin Comentarios »

por Elena F Pérez Carrillo

International Business Law (International Trade Degree-ULE). Lesson 2(2) . Notes IBL

el 28 septiembre, 2020 en Concursal, Derecho de los Negocios Internacionales International Business Law. Grado Comercio Internacional, Otros

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LESSON 2 IBL:  INTERNATIONAL COMPANY LAW – EUROPEAN UNION FRAMEWORK

2. Companies within the European Internal Market: Harmonized and Unified aspects.
  • The European Union has competences related to Company Law, mostly in the realm of achieving a fully integrated Internal Market. The EU Freedoms involved in Company Law are mainly the freedom to provide  services (both cross-border and with a permanent establishment) and the Free Movement of  Capital.  Free movement of Workers/Persons and Free movement of Goods are also involved to a lesser degree.
  • The purpose of EU rules in this area is to enable businesses to be set up anywhere in the EU enjoying the freedom of movement of persons, services and capital, to provide protection for shareholders and other parties with a particular interest in companies, to make businesses more competitive, and to encourage businesses to cooperate over borders.
  • The EU Company Law is  embodied in Treaties, Directives and Regulations
    • TFUE,  to create the basic framework for legal persons in the UE ( as regulated in Articles 49, 50(1) and (2)(g), and 54, second paragraph) :
          • Article 49, second paragraph TFEU guarantees the right to take up and pursue activities in a self-employed capacity and to set up and manage undertakings, in particular companies or firms
    • Directives to harmonize EU Company Law
      • The first/older harmonization Directives  developed main aspects of EU Company Law (publicity, branches, accounts among others)
      • Following earlier legislative works the Consolidation Directive unifies older harmonization Directives. The Consolidation Directive is Directive (EU) 2017/1132  that codifies certain aspects of Company Law concerning limited liability companies Thus, it repealed some older Directives and replaced them without changing their content. Specifically, it deals with different questions for the protection of  members (such as shareholders) and creditors: It has been modified by Directive (EU) 2019/1151 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132 as regards the use of digital tools and processes in company law . The Directive (EU) 2019/2121 of 27 November 2019 lays down new rules on cross-border conversions and divisions and amends the rules on cross-border mergers. Member States need to transpose this Directive by January 2023.
    • Regulations to create new instruments and new types of companies.

2.1 Incorporation, Registries and official transparency, shareholders and third parties (creditors) protection, branches.
  • Incorporation of formation (Now regulated by Directive 2017/1132).
    • The statutes or instrument of incorporation of a public limited liability company PLC, in Spain S.A.) must make it possible for any interested person to acquaint oneself with 1) type, name, objects of the company. 2) the basic particulars of the company, including the exact composition of its capital, 3 )rules to appoint its directors and Board 4) number of shares 5) nominal value of its issued shares 6) Registered Office 7) Any special conditions for the transfer of shares 8) Paid-up capital upon incorporation 9) Procedure to convert bearer shares into nominal shares and vice versa 10)etc
  • Registries
    • The incorporation and other acts of companies are filled within a Public Registry ( in Spain, Registro Mercantil). National Registries are, now, interconnected as  Directive 2012/17/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/884 set out rules on the system of interconnection of business registers (‘BRIS’). BRIS is operational since 8 June 2017. It allows EU-wide electronic access to company information and documents stored in Member States’ business registers via the European e-Justice Portal. BRIS also enables business registers to exchange between themselves notifications on cross-border operations and on branches.
    • Since  2019, Member Stated must ensure that at least some companies (In Spain at least the SL) can be fully incorporated and its incorporation documents filled (in the National Registry) online
  • Official transparency
    • Filling incorporation and other documents into the Commercial Registry is a means of official transparency as it serves to disclose information.
    • The duty to draw up annual accounts and to deposit them in the commercial register, where they can be consulted, is also an instrument of transparency
    • There are also other instruments.
      • For example, certain entities (such as the SAE or the European Economic Interest Grouping) have their incorporation and dissolution published in the OJEU.
      • And there are special transparency measures for listed companies that must report data to their market supervisor (in Spain the CNMV):  Under EU rules, issuers of securities on regulated markets must disclose (to the market supervisor and to the public) certain key information to ensure transparency for investors. The Transparency Directive (2004/109/EC) requires issuers of securities listed on EU regulated markets to make their activities transparent by regularly publishing certain information, that includes:
        • yearly and half-yearly financial reports
        • major changes in the holding of voting rights
        • ad hoc inside information which could affect the price of securities

        This information must be disclosed in a way that benefits all investors equally across Europe.

        The EU Commission launched a pilot project to evaluate distributed general ledger technologies as a back-up solution to implement the EU’s central access point to regulated information of listed companies (EEAP) (European Financial Transparency Portal; EFTG).

 

  • Shareholders and creditors protection

The transparency measures above with its measures and rules on capital are already instruments to protect shareholders and creditors. FurthermoreAlso, following earlier legislative works the Consolidation Directive unifies older harmonization Directives. This consolidation Directive is Directive (EU) 2017/1132  that codifies certain aspects of Company Law concerning limited liability companies repealed some older Directives and replaced them without changing their content. Specifically, it deals with different questions for the protection of  members (such as shareholders) and third parties (mainly creditors): This consolidation Directive, now in force:

  • It defines a public liability company(PLC)  as one which has offered shares to the general public and whose shareholders have limited liability, usually only in relation to the amount paid for their shares and securities. (SA in Spain).
    • Please note that Securities are transferable shares which give the owner voting rights in a  company, Sometimes those shares are «quoted»,   admitted to a Regulated Market, for example, The London Stock Exchange, la Bolsa de Valores de Madrid, and similar marketplaces). Not all PLCs are listed companies. But PLC listed companies are subject to some special rules and Directives as we are studying in this lesson.
  • It also coordinates national rules for creating and running companies and increasing or reducing their capital: It mandates that the minimum capital required in the EU to register a public limited company (PLC) is of 25 000EUR. (in Spain, our Ley de Sociedades de Capital raises such minimum as it requires 60,000€ of issued capital for the formation of a Spanish PLC: a Sociedad Anónima or SA)
  • It further sets minimum information requirements for companies. The instrument of incorporation (constitución) and the statues (estatutos) or bye-laws (reglamentos internos) of one PLC must contain (at least) the following information:
    • the type and name of the company; the objectives of the company; the rules governing appointing Directors responsible for managing, running and supervising the company; the duration of the company.
      • the registered office; the value, number and form of the subscribed (company-issued) shares;
      • the amount of subscribed (company-issued) capital; the identity of those who sign the instrument of incorporation or the bye-laws. The mandatory disclosure of the information is implemented by filling it in the national business registers (for example Registro Mercantil in Spain,  Companies House in UK, etc).;
  • In relation with the validity of the obligations entered into by the company and liabilities derived thereof (which is extremelly important for 3rd parties) : this Directive makes mandatory that, if an action has been carried out on behalf of a Company before it has acquired legal personality, the persons who acted shall be deemed liable therefor and not the company itself. However, once a company has acquired legal personality, acts performed by the organs of the company shall be binding upon it , its members and third parties, including such acts that go beyond the limitations of the objects of the company (ultra vires).
  • Regarding nullity of the company (very important for creditors, for shareholders, and other parties), tThe Member States shall provide for the nullity of companies only by decision of a court of law. The nullity of a company may only be ordered in the cases established in the Directive
  • Branches
    • In relation with branches of Companies from other Member State, this Directive harmonizes compulsory disclosure requirements.
    • Such Branches must be registered in the Host Country business Registry and must make publicly available, through the interconnection system of central, commercial and companies registers, at least the following information:
      • Address, activity, name (if different from the Company), particulars, appointment and discharge of the person or persons representing and managing the Branch.
      • Company’s place of registration and registration number; name and legal form of the company; winding-up of the company, appointment and particulars of liquidators; accounting documents;
      • Closing of the branch.
      • The Directive allows the Member States to require additional disclosures.

2.2 Specialities of single-member limited liability companies

Those specialities are now codified in Directive 2009/102/EC — company law on single-member private limited liability companies:

  • A company may have a single member by virtue of its being formed, or by virtue of all its shares/non-share participations coming to be held, by a single person (single-member company). This is compulsory for some companies (in Spain for the SL which is the Spanish limited liability form whose capital is made up by non-share participations)
  • Where a company becomes a single-member company because all its shares have come to be held by a single person, that fact, together with the identity of the single member, must either be entered in a register kept by the company and accessible to the public or be recorded in the file or entered in the central national commercial register or the register of companies.
  • The single-member exercises the powers of a general meeting of the company.
  • All decisions taken by the single-member and contracts between that person and the company as represented by him or her must be recorded in the minutes or drawn up in writing.
  • Where an EU country allows single-member companies in the case of public limited companies as well, the rules in this directive apply. This is the situation in Spain where SA can be single-member companies by incorporation or at a later stage (derivative single-member company).

    Cantábrico (Asturias)

2.3 Specialities in the protection of shareholders in listed companies in the EU

We now look  at measures that promote the long-term involvement of shareholders in the project of the companies in which they have invested, even if they are located in another EU Member State. To such aims, the cross-border exercise of shareholders’ rights is utmost relevance: Directive 2007/36/EC (amended by Directives 2014/59/EU and (EU) 2017/828) on the exercise of certain rights of shareholders in listed companies abolishes the main obstacles to a cross-border vote in listed companies that have their registered office in a Member State. Also, it deals with:

  • Identification of shareholders. This Directive mandates that companies are able to identify their shareholders and obtain information on the identity of shareholders from any intermediary in the chain who holds that information. The aim is to facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights and their involvement in the company. (Member States may stipulate that companies located within their territory are only authorised to request identification in respect of shareholders holding more than a certain percentage of shares or voting rights, not exceeding 0.5%).
  • Rights of shareholders to monitor Directors remunerations. It establishes shareholders right to vote the remuneration of directors and it mandates that the remuneration policy must be published. Also, it regulates that the performance of directors should be evaluated using financial and non-financial performance criteria, including, where appropriate, environmental, social and management factors.
  • Transparency of institutional investors, asset managers and voting advisors in particular to facilitate the exercise of shareholders voting rights:
    • Intermediaries will have to facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights, including the right to participate and vote at general meetings.
    • They will also have the obligation to provide shareholders, in a standardised format and in due time, with all company information that enables them to exercise their rights properly.
    • In addition, they will have to publish all costs related to the new rules.
  • Transactions with related parties
    • Transactions with related parties may be detrimental to companies and their shareholders, as they may give the related party the possibility of appropriating value belonging to the company. For this reason, the new Directive provides that significant transactions with related parties have to be submitted for approval by the shareholders or the administrative or supervisory body in order to protect adequately the interests of the company. And Companies will have to publicly disclose relevant transactions with all information necessary to assess the fairness of the transaction.
2.4 Take over bids, mergers, acquisitions, divisions

Santiago de Compostela. Vista desde la Alameda

  • Take Over Bids, Directive 2004/25/EC.
    • It applies to companies whose shares are admitted to a regulated market (listed companies, PLC)
    • A take over bid is a public offer to acquire all or part of the securities of a company.
    • to protect minority shareholders of listed companies, anyone gaining control of a company (30/-35% of its securities) must make a bid at an equitable price at the earliest opportunity to all holders of securities.
    • The equitable price is the highest price the offeror paid for the securities during a 6- to 12-month period prior to the bid. In specific circumstances, national supervisory authorities may adjust this price.
    • A decision to launch a bid should be made public as soon as possible and ensure market transparency and integrity of offeree company securities.The Board of Directors of the bidding company is competent to approve the decision to launch the bid and is responsible for the documents and procedures involved therein.
    • The offer document containing a bid must provide basic information such as the terms involved and identity of the company or person launching the initiative and of persons acting together.
    • National authorities determine the time allowed to accept a bid. This runs between 2 and 10 weeks.
    • Before engaging in actions that could block the bid, the board of the offeree company must (subject to an EU country opt-out) obtain prior authorisation from a general shareholders’ meeting.
    • Employee representatives must be informed of any takeover bid.
    • National rules exist for issues such as the lapsing or revision of bids or disclosure of the result of a planned takeover.
  • Mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Directive (EU) 2017/1132  that codifies certain aspects of Company Law concerning limited liability companies (the consolidation Directive)  addresses different types of mergers ie, by acquisition,  merger by the formation of a new company. It also differentiates domestic mergers and cross-border mergers. In Spain, it applies to SA
      • A merger is an operation whereby:
        • Merger by acquisition. One or more companies, being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfer all their assets and liabilities to another existing company, the acquiring company, in exchange for the issue to their members of securities or shares representing the capital of that other company and, if applicable, a cash payment (within the limits of the Directive)
        • Merger by creation of a «newco». Two or more companies, being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfer all their assets and liabilities to a company that they form, the “new company”, in exchange for the issue to their members of securities or shares representing the capital of that new company and, if applicable, a cash payment (within the limits of the Directive)
        • Merger by transferring shares to the parent co. A company, on being dissolved without going into liquidation, transfers all its assets and liabilities to the company holding all the securities or shares representing its capital, this is, to its parent company
      • In any of the cases, the draft terms of merger must be drawn up by the administrative or management board and must contain specific information including:
            • the type, name and registered office of the companies;
            • the share exchange ratio (that is, the relative number of new shares that will be given to existing shareholders of a company that has been acquired or merged with another);
            • terms relating to the allotment of shares in the acquiring company (and or in the new company to be formed);
            • the rights granted by the acquiring (or the new) company.
  • Divisions of public limited liability companies
    • Directive (EU) 2017/1132  that codifies certain aspects of Company Law concerning limited liability companies (the consolidation Directive)  addresses also Divisions
      •  ‘division by acquisition’ is the operation whereby, after being wound up without going into liquidation, a company transfers to more than one company all its assets and liabilities in exchange for the allocation to the shareholders of the company being divided of shares in the companies receiving contributions as a result of the division (‘recipient companies’) and possibly a cash payment. The directive sets a maximum cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of the shares allocated or, where they have no nominal value, of their accounting par value. This 10% limit relates to the directive main regime for divisions but it admits exceptions
      •  ‘division by the formation of new companies’ is the operation whereby, after being wound up without going into liquidation, a company transfers to more than one newly-formed company all its assets and liabilities in exchange for the allocation to the shareholders of the company being divided of shares in the recipient companies, and possibly a cash payment not exceeding 10 % of the nominal value of the shares allocated or, where they have no nominal value, of their accounting par value. This 10% limit relates to the directive main regime for divisions but it admits exceptions

      • There are also provisions for divisions with cash payment  exceeding 10% and divisions where the company does not cease to exist
2.5 Special legal forms for cross border business in the UE

Gatín

      •  Regulation 2157/2001 sets out a statute for a European Company (Societas Europea or ‘SE’), i.e. an EU legal form for public limited liability companies, and allows companies coming from different Member States to run their business in the EU under a single European brand name.
        • Societas Europea / Sociedad Anónima Europea , see here
      • Regulation 2137/85 sets out a statute for a European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG), i.e. an EU legal form for a grouping formed by companies or legal bodies and/or natural persons carrying out economic activity coming from different Member States; the purpose of such a grouping is to facilitate or develop the cross-border economic activities of its members.
      • Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003  on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE). It aims to facilitate cooperatives’ cross-border and trans-national activities. The members of an SCE cannot all be based in one country. The regulation of the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (2003) aims to facilitate cooperatives‘ cross-border and trans-national activities. The statute also provides a legal instrument for other companies wishing to group together to access markets, achieve economies of scale, or undertake research and development activities. The Statute also enables 5 or more European citizens from more than one EU country to create a European Cooperative Society. This is the first and only form of a European company that can be established from the beginning and with limited liability (ie: it does not need to be formed by companies of different Member States or as a subsidiary as it is the case with the SE. The SCE allows its members to carry out common activities while preserving their independence;  its principal object is to satisfy its members’ needs and not the return of capital investment; its members benefit proportionally to their profit and not to their capital contribution.

Etiquetas: Mercado Único, Sociedades de capital, Unión Europea Sin Comentarios »

por Elena F Pérez Carrillo

Lesson 4 (1)(2) (3). International Business Law. Intellectual Property. Patents, Trademarks. Notes for IBL

el 26 agosto, 2016 en Derecho de los Negocios Internacionales International Business Law. Grado Comercio Internacional, DM2- Derecho de la Competencia, propiedad industrial e intelectual. Grado en Derecho

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Intellectual Property. Patents, Trademarks. International Business Law. Notes for non-jurists Lesson 4 (1)

1. Industrial property rights.

1.1 Invention patents

  • Definition 
    • A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention (inventive activity), which is a product or a process that provides, a new product or procedure for doing something (novelty), and offers a new technical solution to a problem (industrial application). To get a patent, technical information about the invention must be disclosed to the public in a patent application.
    • Registering a patent gives the holder the exclusive rights over his or her invention for a limited period, 20 years. Other people cannot make, use, offer for sale, sell or import a product or a process based on the patented invention. The patent holder can give someone else temporary permission to use the invention through a patent license agreement or may sell the patent.  It is not possible to renew a patent after it expires.
  • Rights 
    • The patent owner/ right holder has the exclusive right to prevent or stop others from commercially exploiting the patented invention. In other words, patent protection means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distributed, imported or sold by others without the patent owner’s consent
    • Patents are territorial rights. In general, the exclusive rights are only applicable in the country or region in which a patent has been filed and granted, in accordance with the law of that country or region
    • The protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years from the filing date of the application
  • Patents protect technical inventions: new products or procedures which involve an inventive step and have industrial application.
  • If the inventor needs protection in only one European country,  he or she can register a patent at the national level.  For European-wide protection, must register a European patent with the European Patent Office (EPO)., that can protect in up to 5 States members of the Munich Patent Agreement. A European patent needs to be validated by the national patent office in each country where protection is required.
  • The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) is an international patent law treaty, concluded in 1970. It provides a unified procedure for filing patent applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states. A patent application filed under the PCT is called an international application, or PCT application. The contracting states, the states which are parties to the PCT, constitute the International Patent Cooperation Union
  • In accordance with the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (art 4):
      • (1) Any person who has duly filed an application for a patent, or for the registration of a utility model, or of industrial design, or of a trademark, in one of the countries of the Union, or his successor in title, shall enjoy, for the purpose of filing in the other countries, a right of priority during the periods of 1 year for Patents and Utility Models; 6 months for designs and trademarks  (from the date of the filing)
  • Searches (Spain) OEPM search engine
  • More EU Patent Law
    • About the Unitary Patent Protection. European Union protection
    • About Supplementary Protection for Pharmaceuticals
    • About Biotechnological inventions’ protection
  • More International Patent Law
    • Patents at WIPO
    • European Patent Office;

1.2 Trademarks and distinctive signs

  • Definition
    • A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by intellectual property rights
  • Rights
    • a trademark registration will confer an exclusive right to the use of the registered trademark. This implies that the trademark can be exclusively used by its owner, or licensed (temporarily)  to another party for use in return for payment
  • Registration
    • At the national/regional level, trademark protection can be obtained by filing an application for registration with the national/regional trademark office and paying the required fees.
    • International registration. At the international level (Trademark Law Treaty 1994) provides for International registration procedures. There are two options: either country by country applications or using the Madrid System., administered by WIPO (See Madrid «Monitor»  simplified registration system)

The national and EU systems are supplementary to each other and work in parallel with each other.

    • EU TRADEMARK
      • EU Trade Mark allows protection in all EU Members. It is granted by EUIPO, in Alicante
      • Here, more contents about Trademark (European Countries and EU Trademark, general aspects)
      • EUIPO Guidelines on applications and governance of European Trademarks
    • INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF TRADEMARKS
      •  Trademark WIPO;

See also, for further details and clarifications, entries about trademarks in Spain

  • Marcas. Apunte
  • OEPM (search for trademarks)

1.3 Other rights

(…)

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