Cr茅dito documentario es un instrumento de comercio internacional (de pago). Consiste en un聽acuerdo suscrito entre聽un banco y su cliente, a fin de que el primero (emisor), actuando a solicitud y de conformidad con las instrucciones de su cliente (ordenante), se comprometa a pagar a un tercero (beneficiario) una cantidad determinada, o a observar otras conductas solutorias, una vez hayan sido entregados los documentos correspondientes a una relaci贸n subyacente (generalmente una compraventa o una prestaci贸n de servicios en la cual el ordenante es el importador). M谩s en 芦Derecho Mercantil Info禄
El importador ordena a su聽entidad de cr茅dito 聽que abone una determinada suma en concepto de precio 聽a una persona o entidad (el beneficiario), que es el exportador. La entidad de cr茅dito paga al vendedor cuando se exhiben ante ella los documentos pactados expresamente entre comprador y vendedor, cuya regularidad聽comprueba聽la entidad. La recepci贸n de dichos documentos por parte del banco garantiza que las mercanc铆as han sido expedidas rumbo a su destino.
Principales tipos
- Revocables permiten al banco modificar el cr茅dito o revocarlo en cualquier momento, sin necesidad del consentimiento del beneficiario
- Irrevocables. el banco queda obligado a pagar el precio siempre que se hayan cumplido todas las condiciones formales de la operaci贸n previstas en el acuerdo
- Confirmados. Interviene tambi茅n el banco del exportador, ofreciendo mayores garant铆as de este banco que resultan m谩s aceptables al beneficiario
- No confirmados. 脷nicamente interviene como garante el banco del importador, es el modelo descrito. El banco del exportador, caso de intervenir tiene 煤nicamente funci贸n de enlace (avisador, etc)
International trade procedure.聽Is an International Trade Instrument whereby聽the credit worthiness of an importer is substituted by the guaranty of a bank for a specific transaction.聽A bank (usually in the importer’s country) undertakes to pay for a shipment, provided the exporter submits the required documents (such as a clean bill of lading, certificate of insurance, certificate of origin) within a specified period.聽In the US this arrangement is called ‘commercial letter of credit.’
- Main types: Irrevocable, simple
- Irrevocable (ILC),it cannot be canceled, nor in any way modified, except with the explicit agreement of all parties involved: the buyer, the seller and the issuing bank. So聽the issuing bank does not have the authority by itself to change any of the terms. 聽The irrevocable LOC聽provides greater security of payment to the beneficiary -vendor-聽of the letter. They are frequently used for large construction projects, frequent commercial operations etc
- The buyer requests an ILOC from his bank, which is then sent to the seller’s bank. In addition to providing credit risk protection, a letter of credit typically also specifies important details of the transaction, such as price, payment terms, and time and place for delivery of goods. In the event the buyer fails to make payment as agreed, the buyer’s bank makes payment to the seller’s bank, which in turn renders payment to the seller, the beneficiary of the ILOC.
- A confirmed ILOC offers additional risk protection for the seller by providing guarantee of payment from both the buyer’s bank and the seller’s bank.
- Unconfirmed ILOC, the seller’s bank has no liability for payment and essentially serves only as a link to transfer payment to the seller from the buyer’s bank.(or it may act as a support /notifier entity)